Anxiety That Won't Quit: Understanding Generalised Anxiety Disorder in Midlife and Later Life
"I've always been a worrier."
It is one of the most common things clients say in a first session, when they’re living with characteristics symptomatic of anxiety. Sometimes it does describe a temperament. Often it describes a treatable condition that has been carried, unnamed, for decades.
Generalised anxiety disorder is among the most common anxiety conditions in adults over 40, and among the least likely to be recognised for what it is. It gets folded into personality. It gets attributed to a thyroid, a heart, a medication, a difficult year, or simply to getting older.
If your worry is focused specifically on your health, or on the bigger questions that surface in the second half of life, our article on anxiety in the second half of life covers health anxiety and existential worry in more depth. This article is about the diagnosis itself: what generalised anxiety disorder is, why it is so often missed after midlife, what tends to drive it in these decades, and what the research says helps.
What generalised anxiety disorder actually is
Worry is normal. Everyone does it, and in reasonable quantities it is useful. It helps us plan, prepare and protect the people we love.
Generalised anxiety disorder is something different. It is persistent, excessive worry that is difficult to control, occurring more days than not for at least six months, spanning several areas of life rather than one specific fear (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
It also has a body. The diagnosis requires physical and cognitive features alongside the worry: restlessness or feeling on edge, fatigue, difficulty concentrating or the mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and disturbed sleep. To meet criteria, the worry and its symptoms must cause real distress or get in the way of daily life.
That last point matters. The threshold is not "worries a lot". It is "worry that has started to cost something".
Three features tend to distinguish it in practice. The worry moves, jumping from the health scan to the mortgage to the adult child to the noise the car is making. It does not resolve when the situation resolves, because a new worry takes its place. And it is tiring, in a way that ordinary concern is not.
It is also worth separating from its close relatives. Where distress has followed a specific identifiable event and is out of proportion to it, adjustment disorder is often the better description. Where low mood, withdrawal and loss of interest dominate, late-life depression may be doing more of the work. These conditions frequently travel together, which is one reason careful assessment matters.
Why anxiety gets missed after midlife
Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental health conditions in Australia. In 2020 to 2022, 17.2% of Australians aged 16 to 85, or around 3.4 million people, met criteria for a 12-month anxiety disorder (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2023).
The same national data shows a striking gap in who gets help. Among Australians who saw a health professional for their mental health, 22.9% were aged 16 to 34, compared with 8.1% of those aged 65 to 85. Even among people who did have a 12-month mental disorder, those aged 65 to 85 were less likely to have consulted anyone than those aged 16 to 34 (35.1% compared with 46.2%).
There are several reasons the condition goes under the radar in these decades, and none of them is that older people worry less.
Prevalence figures are contested
Estimates of anxiety in older adults vary enormously depending on how the question is asked. A systematic review by Bryant, Jackson and Ames (2008) found reported prevalence of anxiety disorders in community samples of adults over 60 ranging from 1.2% to 15%, while the prevalence of anxiety symptoms ranged from 15% to 52.3%.
That gap between symptoms and diagnoses is the whole problem in miniature. A very large number of older adults are anxious enough to say so, and a much smaller number are recorded as having a condition that can be treated.
There is also good reason to think population surveys understate anxiety in later life. Using linked health records for 38,173 older men in Perth, Almeida et al. (2023) found that recorded diagnoses of anxiety rose steadily with age, reaching 6.9% by age 85 and over, with depression following the same pattern. This is the opposite of the decline seen in national survey data. Records like these count diagnoses that clinicians have made and coded, so part of the rise may reflect older men seeing doctors more often or being coded differently, rather than more anxiety in itself. Still, the authors judged the discrepancy large enough to indicate that population surveys may be understating the picture in later life.
The symptoms look like something else
Older adults more often lead with the body than the mind. Chest tightness, gut symptoms, dizziness, fatigue and poor sleep arrive at the GP first, and anxiety arrives second, if at all.
The diagnostic picture is also more challenging in this age group. Anxiety in later life overlaps heavily with physical illness, medication effects, depression and cognitive change, and the standard criteria were largely built and tested on younger adults (Mohlman et al., 2012).
Language plays a part too. People who would firmly reject the word "anxious" will readily agree they are "concerned", "on edge", or "not coping the way I used to.”
With any change in mental health, it is important to see your GP to rule out any underlying physical causes.
The service pathway has narrowed
This is not only about individual reluctance. Analysing national data, McKay et al. (2025) found that rates of access to specialist inpatient and community mental healthcare have fallen for Australians aged 75 and over, since the Better Access initiative began in 2006, with the steepest reduction in those aged 85 and above.
It may be that people are not asking, and the system is not looking.
Ageism does the rest
There is also an assumption, held by patients and clinicians alike, that anxiety is a reasonable response to being older. This is based on the stereotypical view that worries about health, money and independence for example, are a normal part of ageing.
Some of it is accurate. That is not the same as untreatable. A person can have problems with living and a treatable anxiety disorder at the same time, and treating the second usually improves how they’re equipped to handle the first.
This is the pattern we have written about in age is not the problem, ageism is, and in more detail in relation to the mental health toll of being overlooked. Distress that gets reclassified as ageing, stops being treated.
The worry changes shape, not intensity
What people worry about shifts across the decades, and this is one of the reasons midlife and later-life anxiety can be hard to spot. The content sounds so reasonable.
In early midlife, worry tends to cluster around ageing parents, young, adolescent or adult children, work security, money over a longer horizon than expected, and the first real health scares. Often several at once.
In the sixties and beyond, it often moves towards physical health, memory and cognition, the wellbeing of a partner, falls and independence, and, frequently, the fear of becoming a burden.
Worry about memory deserves particular mention, because it is one of the most common entry points into anxiety in this age group and one of the most misread. Our articles on subjective cognitive decline and what is normal memory change in midlife look at where the line sits.
Underneath, the mechanism is identical. The mind is scanning for threat, generating scenarios, and treating the generation of scenarios as though it were preparation. It is not. It is rehearsal without resolution. The cogs in the mind are spinning, which brings some short-term relief that action is being taken, but over the long-term nothing is changing.
This is also why the "never too early, never too late" idea matters here. Plenty of people in their late twenties and thirties are already carrying a midlife-shaped load: a parent with a new diagnosis, a caring role that arrived early, a career reinvention, a grief that reorganised everything. The worry pattern that gets established then can run for thirty years if nobody names it.
Lifelong worriers and late arrivals
One of the more useful findings for people in this age group is that generalised anxiety disorder does not always start young.
Analysing a large population-level sample of adults aged 55 and over, Chou (2009) found that around half reported anxiety onset at or after age 50. Late-onset anxiety in older adults is not unusual, and it is not just an extension of a lifelong temperament.
Using Australian national survey data, Gonçalves and Byrne (2012) found that people with earlier-onset generalised anxiety disorder were more likely to report childhood adversity and higher rates of comorbid conditions, while later-onset presentations were associated with a different clinical profile.
Both papers point the same direction clinically. If anxiety has arrived recently in someone's sixties or seventies, that deserves assessment rather than being written off as a normal response to ageing. And if it has been there since a person's twenties, four decades of practice does not make it permanent.
What tends to drive it in these decades
Hormonal changes as we age
Hormonal changes are often blamed for changes in mood during midlife, in both women and men. However, the research suggests the picture is more complex.
For women, menopause raises the risk of anxiety or low mood for some individuals, but not for everyone. Recently, the 2024 Lancet Series on menopause found no clear indication that depression rises for all women through the menopause transition, however, higher risk showed up in circumstances where individuals were experiencing severe hot flushes, disrupted sleep, a long transition, or significant life stress at the same time (Brown et al., 2024).
For men, testosterone declines slowly with age, and by different amounts in different individuals. Whether that decline affects mood is uncertain. One large Australian study found low testosterone linked to a higher risk of later depression (Ford et al., 2016), while another, more recent Australian study found no link at all (Forbes et al., 2025). Part of the difficulty is that poor health and depression can themselves lower testosterone, so cause and effect are hard to separate. What the evidence does not support is the popular idea of a clear-cut ‘male menopause.’
The thread running through both is the same. Hormonal change can play a part in how you feel, but it is usually one part of a bigger picture. Sleep, physical health, stress, relationships and life circumstances often matter just as much, and sometimes more.
Caring for someone
Caring is one possible pathway into anxiety in midlife and later life, and one of the least likely to be raised with a GP, because the person doing the caring often doesn’t see themselves as a patient.
One umbrella review of 18 meta-analyses found that one-in-three informal carers were experiencing anxiety at rates of 35% (Soh et al., 2025). Family caregiving can also generate other types of distress, such as the grief surrounding ambiguous loss when awareness fluctuates in a family member living with dementia, or in situations of intensive grandparenting when the caring load often goes unrecognised because it is framed as ‘helping out’.
Health events and the loss of certainty
A diagnosis, a scan, a hospital admission, a partner's stroke. These events do not just create worry about the specific problem. They often remove the background assumption that the body is reliable, and that assumption is load-bearing.
For many people, generalised anxiety in later life begins here, in the weeks after something frightening happened and everyone else moved on. That said, the aftermath of a serious diagnosis is not only anxiety, and our article on growth after a major health diagnosis covers what else can emerge.
Sleep
Anxiety and disrupted sleep feed each other, and after 50 the sleep side of the loop gets harder for biological reasons as well as psychological ones. Where poor sleep is part of the picture, treating it is usually part of the plan rather than an afterthought. We have written about that relationship in more detail in sleep, mood and cognitive vulnerability in older age.
Why treating it is worth doing
The case for treating anxiety in midlife and later life is foundational upon anxiety being tiring, treatable, and connected to physical health in ways that are increasingly recognised by research.
A meta-analysis of 37 studies and more than 1.5 million people found that anxiety was associated with a 52% higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, and that this association appeared to hold independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and of depression (Batelaan et al., 2016).
Similarly, anxiety in a community-based cohort was associated with a 29% increase in dementia risk. However, because anxiety can appear years before cognitive changes are detectable, despite dementia taking 20 years to surface as symptoms, it is currently unclear whether anxiety is a cause or an early marker (Santabárbara et al., 2019). Fore more reading on this topic, read our article on where mental health sits alongside the other modifiable risk factors for dementia.
What the evidence says helps
Psychological therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has the strongest evidence base for generalised anxiety disorder in this age group (Hall et al., 2016; Gould et al., 2012). In a recent 2024 Cochrane review of 21 randomised controlled trials with over 1,200 participants aged 55 and over, CBT and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) were supported approaches for treating anxiety, with interventions running 10 to 15 sessions and combining relaxation, breathing work, and mindfulness, cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation, graded exposure, and problem solving (Hendriks et al., 2024).
Building tolerance for uncertainty
Much of the therapeutic work in generalised anxiety disorder is not necessarily about resolving specific worries, but about reducing the need for certainty that keeps generating them.
That mechanism runs across a wide range of presentations, and it is the central theme of our article on living with uncertainty, which looks at how the same process plays out in relation to climate, politics and the news cycle.
Physical activity
A meta-analysis of 11 randomised controlled trials involving 770 older participants found physical activity produced a significant reduction in anxiety symptoms, with a medium to large pooled effect (Goodarzi et al., 2024). All exercise types showed benefit compared with control conditions.
One detail is clinically useful. Trials with follow-up shorter than 10 weeks did not show a statistically-significant reduction. Movement helps, but it needs time before the effect is visible, which is worth knowing before anyone concludes that a fortnight of walking has failed.
Medication, and a specific caution
Antidepressant medication has a role, and that conversation belongs with a prescribing GP or psychiatrist.
Benzodiazepines are a different matter in this age group. The 2023 update of the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria recommends avoiding benzodiazepines in older adults generally, citing increased risks of cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures and motor vehicle crashes, with only narrow exceptions (American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel, 2023).
Benzodiazepines often work quickly, which is why they can be difficult to stop. If you’re currently taking benzodiazepines and want to reduce, that is a conversation to have with your GP. Psychological therapy can support that process.
Getting the assessment right
Standard anxiety questionnaires were mostly developed on younger adults and can perform poorly in later life, particularly where physical symptoms overlap with medical conditions.
However, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory was developed at the University of Queensland to address this, using items that measure anxiety in older adults without relying heavily on physical signs like sweating, shaking, or feeling tired (Pachana et al., 2007). Because older adults might already experience these changes due to normal aging or medical conditions, the tests can wrongly show they have anxiety. Good assessment in this age group means using tools that were built for it.
What this looks like at Upside Stories
Anxiety in midlife and later life is rarely just anxiety. It usually arrives attached to a caring role, a health event, a transition, or a story about ageing that has become increasingly limiting.
Our online therapy for anxiety focuses on both. We work on the mechanics of worry, including the beliefs that keep it running, the checking and reassurance-seeking that maintain it, and the tolerance of uncertainty that makes it possible to stop. And we work on what the anxiety is about, which in these decades is often identity, purpose and control.
For people who want structured work over a defined period, Rewrite Your Story integrates cognitive therapy with life review and identity work. For family carers of all ages, Carers' Compass addresses the particular types of anxiety that come with caring. Where worry about memory and brain health is central, Healthy Brain Happy Heart works on modifiable risk factors alongside the anxiety itself.
Sessions are delivered by telehealth across Australia, which for many people in this age group easy way to connect, regardless of distance, travel, or a busy life. If you’re unsure whether online therapy suits you, the evidence on how it performs for midlife and older adults is increasingly supported by the research, more so than people expect.
Frequently asked questions
Is it normal to worry more as you get older?
Some shift in what people worry about is totally expected, because understandable concerns change throughout life. What is not expected, and not inevitable, is worry that runs most days, resists reassurance, disturbs sleep, and interferes with daily life. That pattern describes a treatable condition rather than a stage of life. The evidence that anxiety disorders in older adults respond to psychological therapy is strong (Hendriks et al., 2024).
How do I know if it's generalised anxiety disorder or just my personality?
The distinguishing feature is how much worries are getting in the way of your daily life. Temperament does not usually produce persistent muscle tension, disrupted sleep, concentration difficulties and avoidance of everyday activities. If worry has been present more days than not for six months or more, spans several areas of life, feels difficult to control, and is getting in the way of things you would otherwise do, it is worth a proper assessment (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Can generalised anxiety disorder start in your sixties or seventies?
Yes, and it is common. In a large study of adults aged 55 and over, around half of those with generalised anxiety disorder reported onset at or after age 50 (Chou, 2009). New-onset anxiety in later life warrants assessment rather than being assumed to be a normal response to ageing, partly because it can also be linked to physical health changes, medications or other conditions that are worth identifying.
Does therapy actually work for older adults, or is it too late?
It works. A 2024 Cochrane review of 21 randomised controlled trials in adults aged 55 and over found that CBT is effective for reducing anxiety, worry and depressive symptoms (Hall et al., 2016; Hendriks et al., 2024). Older adults tend to be engaged, motivated and reflective in therapy, which are useful qualities to bring to this work.
I'm caring for my husband. Is what I'm feeling anxiety or just exhaustion?
It can easily be both, and it is worth separating them. An umbrella review of 18 meta-analyses found a median anxiety prevalence of around 35% among informal carers (Soh et al., 2025), so this is common rather than a personal failing. Exhaustion improves with rest. Anxiety generally does not, and if the worry continues when the practical demands ease, that is a useful signal. Support for carers is available whether or not the person you care for is receiving support themselves, and our article on ambiguous loss may also be relevant if you are supporting someone living with dementia.
Is my anxiety a sign I'm getting dementia?
Not on its own. There is a documented association between anxiety and later dementia risk, with one meta-analysis of community cohort studies reporting a 29% increase, but the same authors were clear that it is not yet established how far anxiety causes that risk as opposed to appearing early alongside it (Santabárbara et al., 2019). Anxiety itself also reliably affects concentration and memory, which means anxious people commonly notice memory problems that are caused by the anxiety rather than by anything else. Our article on subjective cognitive decline explores this in more detail. If memory is a concern, a GP assessment is the appropriate first step.
What about medication? Should I be taking something?
That decision belongs with your GP or psychiatrist, and psychological therapy and medication are not mutually exclusive. One specific point is worth raising with your doctor. The 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria recommends avoiding benzodiazepines in older adults because of risks including falls, fractures and cognitive impairment (American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel, 2023). However, if you’re already taking benzodiazepines, do not stop abruptly, and ask your GP or psychiatrist about a planned approach.
Do I need a GP referral to see a psychologist at Upside Stories?
No referral is needed to book. If you would like Medicare rebates, you will need a Mental Health Treatment Plan from your GP, which requires a diagnosed mental disorder such as generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, a phobia, depression, adjustment disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or a trauma-related condition. Our Referral Assistance page explains how to raise this with your GP and what to bring to the appointment.
What the research tells us
In 2020 to 2022, 17% of Australians aged 16 to 85 had a 12-month anxiety disorder, and anxiety was the most common group of mental disorders nationally (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2023).
Only 8% of Australians aged 65 to 85 saw a health professional for their mental health, compared with 30% of those aged 16 to 34 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2023).
Reported prevalence of anxiety disorders in community samples of adults over 60 ranges from 1.2% to 15%, while anxiety symptoms range from 15% to 52%, reflecting substantial methodological inconsistency (Bryant et al., 2008).
Linked health record data from more than 38,000 older Australian men found recorded anxiety and depression diagnoses increasing with age, contrary to national survey patterns (Almeida et al., 2023).
Around half of adults aged 55 and over with generalised anxiety disorder report onset at or after age 50 (Chou, 2009).
Rates of access to specialist mental healthcare have fallen for Australians aged 75 and over since Better Access commenced in 2006, with the greatest reduction in those aged 85 and above (McKay et al., 2025).
The median prevalence of anxiety among informal carers is approximately 35%, based on an umbrella review of 18 meta-analyses (Soh et al., 2025).
Anxiety is associated with a 52% higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, apparently independent of traditional risk factors and depression (Batelaan et al., 2016).
Anxiety is associated with a 29% increase in dementia risk, although the extent to which this is causal remains unresolved (Santabárbara et al., 2019).
A 2024 Cochrane review of 21 trials in adults aged 55 and over found CBT to be more effective than minimal management for anxiety, worry and depressive symptoms post-treatment (Hendriks et al., 2024).
Physical activity produced a significant reduction in anxiety symptoms in older adults across 11 randomised controlled trials, with effects emerging in trials running 10 weeks or longer (Goodarzi et al., 2024).
Benzodiazepines are recommended to be avoided in older adults because of risks including cognitive impairment, delirium, falls and fractures (American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel, 2023).
Worry is not a personality trait you are stuck with
There is a version of this story where anxiety is simply what you are like, and always have been, and the only thing left is to manage around it.
However, there is another version where the worry is a pattern the mind learned, as a way of coping with uncertainty. This pattern of copy has been for good reasons, often a long time ago, and patterns can be changed at any age. The evidence supports this second version.
A longer life should mean more room to move, not less. It should mean fewer nights spent rehearsing conversations that will never happen, and more capacity for the parts of life that are actually still ahead.
If you have been telling yourself you are just a worrier, it may be worth finding out whether that is true. And if you have not done therapy online before, here is what to expect from a first session.
If persistent worry is affecting your sleep, your health, or your quality of life, book a free 20-minute consult today to discuss your therapy needs.
References and reading
Almeida, O. P., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., Etherton-Beer, C., Robinson, S., & Flicker, L. (2023). Prevalence of mental disorders among older Australians: Contrasting evidence from the 2020–2021 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing among men and women and the Health In Men Data Linkage Study. Australasian Psychiatry, 31(6), 818–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562231191692
American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2023). American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 71(7), 2052–2081. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18372
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2020–2022. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/latest-release
Batelaan, N. M., Seldenrijk, A., Bot, M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2016). Anxiety and new onset of cardiovascular disease: Critical review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156554
Brown, L., Hunter, M. S., Chen, R., Crandall, C. J., Gordon, J. L., Mishra, G. D., Rother, V., Joffe, H., & Hickey, M. (2024). Promoting good mental health over the menopause transition. The Lancet, 403(10430), 969–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02801-5
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Forbes, M., Lotfaliany, M., Tran, C., Mohebbi, M., Woods, R. L., McNeil, J. J., & Berk, M. (2025). Testosterone concentration and incident depression in older men: A longitudinal cohort study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 80(6), glaf019. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaf019
Ford, A. H., Yeap, B. B., Flicker, L., Hankey, G. J., Chubb, S. A. P., Handelsman, D. J., Golledge, J., & Almeida, O. P. (2016). Prospective longitudinal study of testosterone and incident depression in older men: The Health In Men Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 64, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.012
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Goodarzi, S., Teymouri Athar, M. M., Beiky, M., Fathi, H., Nakhaee, Z., Parvizi Omran, S., & Shafiee, A. (2024). Effect of physical activity for reducing anxiety symptoms in older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16, Article 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00947-w
Gould, R. L., Coulson, M. C., & Howard, R. J. (2012). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in older people: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(2), 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03824.x
Hall, J., Kellett, S., Berrios, R., Bains, M. K., & Scott, S. (2016). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1063–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.006
Hendriks, G.-J., Janssen, N., Robertson, L., van Balkom, A. J., van Zelst, W. H., Wolfe, S., Oude Voshaar, R. C., & Uphoff, E. (2024). Cognitive behavioural therapy and third-wave approaches for anxiety and related disorders in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, Article CD007674. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007674.pub3
McKay, R., Morgan, S., Lawn, S., & McMahon, J. (2025). Trends in access to clinical mental healthcare by very old people in Australia since 'Better Access' commenced in 2006. Australasian Psychiatry, 33(3), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562241290031
Mohlman, J., Bryant, C., Lenze, E. J., Stanley, M. A., Gum, A., Flint, A., Beekman, A. T. F., Wetherell, J. L., Thorp, S. R., & Craske, M. G. (2012). Improving recognition of late life anxiety disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Observations and recommendations of the Advisory Committee to the Lifespan Disorders Work Group. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(6), 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2752
Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007). Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610206003504
Santabárbara, J., Lipnicki, D. M., Villagrasa, B., Lobo, E., & Lopez-Anton, R. (2019). Anxiety and risk of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Maturitas, 119, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.10.014
Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Ling, N., Reyes, M., Sim, L., & Majeed, N. M. (2025). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, burden, burnout, and stress in informal caregivers: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus, 2(3), Article 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100197
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